Method for producing porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite granules

ABSTRACT

The method is for producing porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite granules and comprises the following steps: (a) subjecting granules of calcium sulfate anhydrous (CSA), calcium sulfate dihydrate (CSD) or calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH), the granules comprising interconnected pores with a minimum mean diameter of 3 microns, to a first incubation in an alkaline aqueous solution having a pH-value of less than 10 and containing PO43− ions; (b) subjecting the granules to a second incubation in an alkaline aqueous solution having a pH-value of more than 10 and optionally PO43− ions; (c) filtering and drying the obtained porous granules of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite; and wherein (d) the sum of the amounts of PO43− ions present in the first and second incubation is at least as large as the amount of SO42− ions of the granules used for step (a). The porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite granules obtained by the invention may be purposefully used as carriers for biologically active substances in particular for proteins.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/321,297, filed Dec. 22, 2016, which is a 3.71 internationalapplication of PCT Application No. PCT/CH2014/000085, filed Jun. 23,2014.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a method for producing porous calcium deficienthydroxyapatite granules and porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatitegranules made by such a method.

2. Description of the Related Art

From U.S. Pat. No. 5,462,722 Liu et al. a method for converting aparticle of calcium sulfate is known which comprises a single incubationstep for said particle of calcium sulfate in a preheated aqueousalkaline solution of a phosphate salt having a pH of at least 10. Liu etal. is silent to the presence and therefore to the dimensions of anypores of the calcium sulfate granules before their single incubation.Liu et al. does not disclose any information about the microstructure ofthe granules.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide a method for producingporous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite granules with a predeterminedmicrostructure making them particularly useful as carriers forbiologically active substances. A further object of the invention is toprovide porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite granules comprising aplurality of micropores with a minimum mean diameter of 3 microns andbeing interconnected by channels having a mean diameter larger than 1micron.

The invention solves the posed problem with a method for producingcalcium deficient hydroxyapatite granules and porous calcium deficienthydroxyapatite granules made by such a method.

DEFINITIONS

CSH

Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO₄. ½ H₂O). It can be an alpha-CSH or abeta-CSH. alpha-CSH is obtained from CSD by hydrothermal conditions (ex:autoclave) and beta-CSH is obtained by drying CSD (e.g. at about 120°C.).

CSA

Calcium sulfate anhydrous (CaSO₄). It exists 3 types: gamma-CSA(obtained from about 150 to 300° C.), beta-CSA (obtained at temperaturehigher than 300° C.), alpha-CSA (obtained at temperature higher than1180° C.).

CSD

Calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO₄.2H₂O).

CDHA

Is any hydroxyapatite with the general formulaCa_((10−x))(PO₄)_((6−x))(HPO₄)_(x)(OH)_((2−x)) where x is larger than 0(max: 2).

SSA

is the specific surface area

The method according to the invention allows the production of porouscalcium deficient hydroxyapatite granules with a high specific surfacearea. This parameter is of importance when the granules according to theinvention are used as carriers for biologically active substances inparticular for proteins.

The first incubation aims at converting calcium sulfate into calciumphosphate. The second incubation has two purposes: (i) clean thegranules from unwanted ionic species (e.g. ammonium) and (ii) increasethe residual pH value of the granules (this residual pH value can bedetermined by dipping the granules into demineralized water)

The second incubation of the method according to the invention allowsthe increase in pH of granules residue and to transform the eventualremained CSA to CDHA according to the equation: 9 CaSO₄+9 (NH₄)₂HPO₄+6NaOH→Ca₉(HPO₄)(PO₄)₅OH+9 (NH₄)₂SO₄+3 Na₂HPO₄+5 H₂O

Further advantageous embodiments of the invention can be commented asfollows:

In a special embodiment only granules of calcium sulfate anhydrous (CSA)are used in step (a).

Further the alkaline aqueous solution of step (a) can comprise either(NH₄)(H₂PO₄), (NH₄)₂(HPO₄), or (NH₄)₃(PO₄) and either NaOH or KOH.

In a further embodiment the alkaline aqueous solution of step (b) cancomprise NaOH or KOH. The function thereof is to neutralize phosphoricacid and to enhance the increase in SSA value and phase conversion.

In a further embodiment the liquid to powder ratio in the firstincubation of step (a) is at most 15 ml/g, preferably at most 10 ml/g.In a further embodiment the liquid to powder ratio in step b) is lowerthan or equal to 15 ml/g, preferably lower or equal to 10 ml/g.

In a further embodiment the first incubation of step (a) and/or thesecond incubation of step (b) is performed at a temperature from 60° C.to 100° C. and preferably between 70° C. and 90° C.

In a further embodiment the granules are filtered and washed with waterafter the first incubation of step (a).

Further the granules may be filtered and washed with water after thesecond incubation of step (b).

In a further embodiment the porous granules of calcium sulfate anhydrous(CSA), calcium sulfate dihydrate (CSD) or calcium sulfate hemihydrate(CSH) are obtained by a spray drying process. The spray drying processcan be controlled so as to produce spherical granules with a meandiameter below 200 μm.

In a further embodiment the porous granules of CSA, CSH, or CSD areobtained by first solidifying a slurry consisting of a mixture of CSA,CSH, or CSD powder and an aqueous or non-aqueous solution, and secondbreaking the resulting block into granules. The solidification processcan be chosen from:

(i) drying, preferably by capillary forces;

(ii) gluing, preferably by using additives with gluing properties;

(iii) a cementing reaction when using CSH with an aqueous solution; or

(iv) freezing followed by freeze-drying, preferably in liquid nitrogen.

In a further embodiment a binder is used in the solidification process.

The CSA, CSD or CSH porous granules may be shaped with a high shearmixer and calcined. The CSA, CSD or CSH porous granules may be shaped byextrusion and followed by spheronization, preferably usingmicrocrystalline cellulose.

In a further embodiment an additional sintering step is performed beforeor after the granulation step of claim 12 in the range of 650° to 1100°C., preferably between 680° and 800° C. The dwell time for theadditional sintering step should preferably not be longer than 1 hour.

In a further embodiment a porogenic agent is used for obtaining thepores in the granules for step a). The porogenic agent may compriseparticles having a mean diameter in the range of 1 to 700 micrometers.This allows obtaining interconnected pores in the granules of calciumsulphate anhydrous (CSA), calcium sulfate dihydrate (CSD) or calciumsulfate hemihydrate (CSH), as well as to reduce the risk of forming adense CDHA core within the CDHA granules.

The porogenic agent my comprise particles having a mean diameter in therange of 3 and 20 micrometers. Alternatively the porogenic agent maycomprise particles having a mean diameter in the range of 100 and 500micrometers.

The porogenic agent can be made of a fully combustible material.

Further the porogenic agent may be removed by dissolution, preferably bya solvent debinding method. The solvent debinding method can be followedby a thermal step to finish the decomposition or to allow the sinteringof the matrix and to increase the mechanical strength). Supercriticaldebinding can also be used]

The porogenic agent should preferably comprise less than 50 ppm of heavymetals.

The porogenic agent may be a polysaccharide and preferably be selectedfrom the following group of materials: flour, sugar, starch,carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose.

The porogenic agent may be a polyol, and preferably be selected from thefollowing group of materials: mannitol, polyethylene glycol,poly-(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), polyvinyl alcohol.

The porogenic agent may be used in an amount of at least 0.5 weight-%,preferably at least 10 weight-% of the solid content comprising thecalcium sulfate and the porogenic agent. The porogenic agent may be usedin an amount of at most 60 weight-%, preferably at most 40 weight-%,preferably at least 10 weight-% of the solid content comprising thecalcium sulfate and the porogenic agent.

In a further embodiment a foaming agent is used for-obtaining the poresin the granules for step a).

In a further embodiment hydrogen peroxide is used for obtaining thepores in the granules for step a).

In a further embodiment the first and/or second incubation comprisesstirring of the granules in the solution.

In a further embodiment the drying of the obtained granules after fullconversion into CDHA comprises a heating step at a temperature higherthan 60° C., preferably between 60° C. and 100° C. Full conversion meansthat more than 95% of the granules contain CDHA, the rest being CSA,DCPD (brushite; CaHPO₄.2H₂O), and/or DCP (monetite; CaHPO₄).

In a further embodiment the porosity of the granules measured before thefirst incubation is larger than 40%, preferably larger than 50%.

Preferably the sum of the amounts of PO₄ ³⁻ ions present in the firstand second incubation is at least two times larger than the amount ofSO₄ ²⁻ ions in the granules.

In a further embodiment the CDHA granules are larger than 50 micrometersin diameter. Preferably the CDHA granules are smaller than 3000micrometers in diameter

In a further embodiment the granules of calcium sulfate anhydrous (CSA),calcium sulfate dihydrate (CSD) or calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH)used in step (a) comprise less than 1 weight-%, preferably less than 0.2weight-% of carbon residues.

The invention refers also to porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatitegranules characterized in that a) the granules comprise a plurality ofmicropores with a minimum mean diameter of 3 microns; and b) themicropores are interconnected by channels having a mean diameter largerthan 1 micron.

In a special embodiment the granules comprise a plurality of microporeswith a mean diameter of less than 20 microns. Preferably the granuleshave a SSA higher than 30 m²/g, more preferably higher than 50 m²/g.

Preferably the granules have a SSA lower than 120 m²/g. Because thegranules are aimed to be used as a protein carrier, a high specificsurface area will enhance the presence of protein on the surface. A highvalue (higher than 30 m²/g) is obtained—compared to beta-TCP—because noheat treatment at high temperature has to be performed, which would leadto a decrease in SSA value.

In a further embodiment the granules have a composition corresponding toCa_((10−x))(PO₄)_((6−x))(HPO₄)_(x)(OH)_((2−x)) where x can vary from 0to 2.

Preferably the granules have a Ca:P ratio in the range of 1.51 to 1.59.

In a further embodiment the porous granules are obtained by sinteringthe porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite granules at a temperaturelarger than 600° C. to transform calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite inbiphasic calcium phosphate. Biphasic calcium phosphate is a mixture ofβ-tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite.

The porous granules may be obtained by sintering the porous calciumdeficient hydroxyapatite granules at a temperature smaller than 1000° C.to transform calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite in biphasic calciumphosphate.

The porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite granules obtained by theinvention may be purposefully used as carriers for biologically activesubstances in particular for proteins.

A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Several embodiments of the invention will be described in the followingby way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings inwhich:

FIG. 1 illustrates the formation of a fibrillar layer surrounding thestructure after the second incubation of granules from Example 2.

FIG. 2a shows the CSA microstructure.

FIG. 2b shows the CDHA microstructure with the formation of needles andthe decrease in the pore size due to this phenomenon.

FIG. 3 shows the microstructure of the granules after the secondincubation.

FIG. 4 shows the opening of the structure with 0.1 M HCl leaching

FIG. 5a shows the influence of NaOH incubation time (1.5, 6 and 48 h)after a 1^(st) incubation of 1.5 h

FIG. 5b shows the influence of NaOH incubation time (1.5, 6 and 48 h)after a 1^(st) incubation of 120 h.

FIG. 6a shows the effect of incubation temperature on SSA values aftereach incubation step.

FIG. 6b shows the effect of incubation temperature on CDHA content aftereach incubation step.

FIG. 7 shows the relation between the residual pH value of the granulesand the SSA value

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following examples clarify the invention further in more detail.

A) EXAMPLES DEVOTED TO THE SYNTHESIS OF CALCIUM SULFATE GRANULES Example1

300 g of CSD (d50: 22±18 μm) were mixed for 5 minutes with 280 mldemineralized water, 120 g corn starch (d50: 12±4 μm) and 8.4 g DuramaxB-1000 until suitable viscosity of the slurry was obtained. This slurrywas poured into a rectangular form and dried at 80° C. in a dryingcupboard for 48 hours. The material was then pre-crushed with a hammerand a chisel to a size of about 2×2×2 cm before heat treatment at 750°C. in air to allow decomposition of the organics and sintering. β-CSAphase was then obtained. A jaw crusher was used to obtain the suitablegranules size. A porosity of 60±2% was reached for the CSA granules.

Example 2

90 g of γ-GSA (obtained by drying CSD during 16 h at 160° C.) were mixedin a Turbula mixer with 5.6 g stearic acid and 100 g pore formers (50 gpolyethylene glycol (size between 200-400 μm) and 50 g of mannitol (sizebetween 5-30 μm)). The powders were poured in a form and pressed up to200 bar. The resulting form was then pre-crushed with a hammer and achisel to a size of about 2×2×2 cm and heat treated at 800° C. A jawcrusher was then used to obtain the suitable β-CSA granules size. Afterincubation, a porosity of 50+/−7% and a pore size of 2 to 350 μm wereobtained, as determined by image analysis of materialography sections.

Example 3

12 g of α-CSH (obtained by autoclaving CSD at 120° C. during 1 h) wasmixed manually with 6 g of corn starch (d50: 12±4 μm), while 50 g ofparaffin and 4 drops of span 85 were mixed with a propeller. 8 mL of0.01 M CaSO₄ was then poured onto the powders and mixed with thepropeller; the paraffin+span 85 mixture was then added. The resultingpaste was stirred at 1000 RPM until the suitable droplet size wasobtained. The droplets were incubated 1 h30 to allow the conversion ofCSH into CSD and the concomitant droplet hardening. The granules (=harddroplets) were then washed with 30 mL of petroleum spirit and filtered.These steps were repeated until a sufficient granule amount wasobtained. Granules were then heat treated at 800° C. and β-CSA phase wasobtained. Pore sizes and porosity were determined to be between 5 and 30μm and 44 and 60%, respectively.

B) EXAMPLES DEVOTED TO THE CONVERSION OF THE GRANULES (OBTAINED INEXAMPLES 1 TO 3) INTO CDHA Example 4

A mixture of 188 mL of 4.4 M (NH₄)₂HPO₄ and 6 mL of 1.5 M NaOH (pH ofthe solution: 8.4) was pre-heated at 80° C. in a 500 mL closedcontainer. Then, 50 g of β-CSA granules were added. The phosphate tosulfate molar ratio was about 2.2.

The granules were produced by one of the technique presented in Examples1 to 3 but not exclusively. The granules were aged in the solution at80° C. during 24 h with a slow rotation rate of 1 rpm to avoid granulefragmentation and agglomeration and were washed in several steps with intotal 1 L water and filtered before starting the second incubation. 250ml of 0.5 M NaOH (pH 13) was pre-heated at 80° C. before pouring the 50g pre-converted granules into the solution and letting them aged at thesame temperature during 24 h. Granules were washed with 1 Ldemineralized water, filtered and dried in a drying cupboard overnightat 80° C. This method allowed the production of granules composed ofmore than 95 wt. % CDHA with a specific surface area value higher than30 m²/g.

Microstructure of granules of Example 2 incubated such as in Example 4,with a size between 0.71 and 1.4 mm, was verified by impregnating thegranules in a resin and polishing them.

The SEM images shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 reveal that the conversion ofcalcium sulfate results in the formation of a 1-2 μm thick porouscoating on top of the initial calcium sulfate structure. In other words,calcium sulfate acts as template for the formation of CDHA. Thisexplains also why the micropore interconnections of the calcium sulfategranules (=template) should be larger than 3 μm to prevent their closureduring CDHA formation.

After the second incubation, the core of the granules appeared dense(FIG. 3), suggesting that the conversion from calcium sulfate to CDHAstarts at the center of the granules.

A highly interconnected microporosity can be obtained on the surface ofthe granules by incubating the granules in 0.1 M HCl for few minutes,preferably more than 5 minutes (FIG. 4).

Example 5

The degree of conversion in Example 4 depends on the ratio betweenphosphate and sulfate ions. A faster conversion rate was observed with ahigher ratio. Equivalent CDHA content can however be obtained withvarying incubation time and temperature. The first incubation solutionconsisted of a mixture of 43 mL of 2 M (NH₄)₂HPO₄ solution and 2 mL of0.5 M NaOH solution. This solution was used to incubate 50 g of granulesin a 500 mL closed container under shaking. In these conditions, thephosphate to sulfate molar ratio was close to 0.8.

The granules were incubated either at 60° C. or 80° C. during 5 days.Granules were then washed with 500 mL demineralized water and filteredbefore starting the second incubation. The incubating solution wascomposed of 140 ml of 2 M (NH₄)₂HPO₄ and 6.5 ml of 0.5 M NaOH. Thephosphate to sulfate ions ratio was about 0.2. The second incubation wasperformed under shaking at 60 or 80° C. and lasted 2 days. Washing andfiltering steps were repeated. 250 mL of 0.5 M NaOH was then used as athird incubation step to neutralize the phosphoric acid released duringthe first 2 steps. This was performed at 80° C. during 15 hours. Washingand filtering steps were repeated and granules were allowed to dry at80° C. overnight.

FIG. 5 shows the effect of time on conversion. On FIG. 5-a) 1^(st)incubation was performed during 1.5 h, while on FIG. 5-b) it wasperformed during 5 days. A higher CDHA content was observed with longer1^(st) incubation step, but also with longer 2^(nd) incubation step(FIG. 5-b).

Specific surface areas and CDHA content were verified for granulesincubated at 60 and at 80° C. FIG. 6 shows that higher specific surfaceareas were obtained after incubation at 80° C., while CDHA conversionwent faster.

A relation between phase conversion and SSA value (between 30 and 120m²/g) was determined, and between the residual pH of the granules andSSA value as represented in FIG. 7.

The pH of the granules residue was determined in a NaCl solution and wasbetween 5 and 7 after the first incubation and between 7 and 11 afterNaOH incubation.

Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specificembodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modificationsand variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives,modifications and variations that fall within the scope of the appendedclaims.

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, forclarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also beprovided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, variousfeatures of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in thecontext of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or inany suitable subcombination or as suitable in any other describedembodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the contextof various embodiments are not to be considered essential features ofthose embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without thoseelements.

The invention claimed is:
 1. Porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatitegranules made by a process comprising the following steps: (a) obtainingporous granules of CSA, CSH, or CSD by sintering CSA, CSH, or CSD powderat 650° C. to 1100° C., mixing the CSA, CSH, or CSD powder with anaqueous or non-aqueous solution to form a slurry, solidifying theslurry, breaking the resulting block into granules, and then sinteringthe obtained granules at a temperature between 650° C. to 1100° C.; (b)subjecting granules of calcium sulfate anhydrous (CSA), calcium sulfatedihydrate (CSD) or calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH), the granulescomprising interconnected pores with a minimum mean diameter of 3microns, to a first incubation in an alkaline aqueous solution having apH-value of less than 10 and containing PO₄ ³⁻ ions for 1.5 hours to 5days, forming the alkaline aqueous solution for the first incubation bya mixture of (NH₄)₂HPO₄ and NaOH; (c) subjecting the granules of step(a) to a second incubation for up to 2 days in an alkaline aqueoussolution having a pH sufficient to increase the residual pH value of thegranules, said alkaline aqueous solution optionally comprising PO₄ ³⁻ions, forming the alkaline aqueous solution for the second incubation bya mixture of (NH₄)₂HPO₄ and NaOH or only NaOH, and performing the firstincubation and/or the second incubation at a temperature of 60° C. to100° C.; (d) filtering and drying the obtained porous granules ofcalcium deficient hydroxyapatite; wherein the sum of the amounts of PO₄³⁻ ions present in the first and second incubation is at least as largeas the amount of SO₄ ²⁻ ions of the granules used for step (a); andwherein the porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite granules have acomposition corresponding toCa_((10−x))(PO₄)_((6−x))(HPO₄)_(x)(OH)_((2−x)) where 0<x<2; and whereinthe porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite granules have a Ca:P ratioin the range of 1.51 to 1.59.
 2. The porous calcium deficienthydroxyapatite granules according to claim 1, wherein said granules 1)comprise a plurality of micropores with a minimum mean diameter of 3microns; and 2) the micropores have a mean diameter of less than 20microns.
 3. The porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite granulesaccording to claim 1, wherein the porous calcium deficienthydroxyapatite granules have a specific surface area (SSA) higher than30 m²/g.
 4. The porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite granulesaccording to claim 1, wherein the porous calcium deficienthydroxyapatite granules have a SSA higher than 50 m²/g.
 5. The porouscalcium deficient hydroxyapatite granules according to claim 1, whereinthe porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite granules have a specificsurface area (SSA) lower than 120 m²/g.
 6. The porous calcium deficienthydroxyapatite granules of claim 1, wherein the drying comprises a spraydrying process.
 7. The porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite granulesof claim 6, wherein the spray drying process is controlled so as toproduce spherical porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite granules witha mean diameter below 200 μm.
 8. The porous calcium deficienthydroxyapatite granules according to step (a) of claim 1, wherein theCSA, CSD or CSH porous granules are shaped with a high shear mixer andcalcined.
 9. The porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite granules madeaccording to claim 1, wherein the CDHA granules are larger than 50micrometers in diameter.
 10. The porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatitegranules made according to claim 1, wherein the CDHA granules aresmaller than 3000 micrometers in diameter.
 11. The porous calciumdeficient hydroxyapatite granules made according to claim 1, wherein thegranules of calcium sulfate anhydrous (CSA), calcium sulfate dihydrate(CSD) or calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) used in step (a) compriseless than 1 weight-% of carbon residues.
 12. The porous calciumdeficient hydroxyapatite granules of claim 1, wherein the first and/orthe second incubation comprises stirring the CSA, CSH, or CSD granulesin a solution.
 13. A process comprising the following steps: (a)obtaining porous granules of CSA, CSH, or CSD by sintering CSA, CSH, orCSD powder at 650° C. to 1100° C., mixing the CSA, CSH, or CSD powderwith an aqueous or non-aqueous solution to form a slurry, solidifyingthe slurry, breaking the resulting block into granules, and thensintering the obtained granules at a temperature between 650° C. to1100° C.; (b) subjecting granules of calcium sulfate anhydrous (CSA),calcium sulfate dihydrate (CSD) or calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH),the granules comprising interconnected pores with a minimum meandiameter of 3 microns, to a first incubation in an alkaline aqueoussolution having a pH-value of less than 10 and containing PO₄ ³⁻ ionsfor 1.5 hours to 5 days, forming the alkaline aqueous solution for thefirst incubation by a mixture of (NH₄)₂HPO₄ and NaOH; (c) subjecting thegranules of step (a) to a second incubation for 0.5 hours to 2 days inan alkaline aqueous solution having a pH sufficient to increase theresidual pH value of the granules, said alkaline aqueous solutionoptionally comprising PO₄ ³⁻ ions, forming the alkaline aqueous solutionfor the second incubation by a mixture of (NH₄)₂HPO₄ and NaOH or onlyNaOH, and performing the first incubation and/or the second incubationat a temperature of 60° C. to 100° C.; and (d) filtering and drying theobtained porous granules of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite; whereinthe sum of the amounts of PO₄ ³⁻ ions present in the first and secondincubation is at least as large as the amount of SO₄ ²⁻ ions of thegranules used for step (a); wherein the porous calcium deficienthydroxyapatite granules have a composition corresponding toCa_((10−x))(PO₄)_((6−x))(HPO₄)_(x)(OH)_((2−x)) where 0<x<2; and whereinthe porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite granules have a Ca:P ratioin the range of 1.51 to 1.59.